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SpaceX Dragon XL could supply NASA astronauts around the Moon and Earth
SpaceX’s Moon Dragon could one day deliver supplies to astronauts in Earth orbit on top of its raison d’etre – resupplying NASA’s future lunar space station (Gateway).
Known as Dragon XL, the new SpaceX spacecraft was unexpectedly revealed earlier this year when NASA solely awarded it a Gateway Logistics Services contract potentially worth billions. Dragon XL is almost entirely built out of hardware and systems already built and proven with Cargo Dragon and Crew Dragon over 20 space station launches and two orbital missions, respectively.
Due to NASA’s ever-shifting plans and strategies, however, it’s far from guaranteed that a habitable Gateway will ever actually be built – let alone by the rough 2024 target that’s currently favorable. Given that a huge amount of Dragon XL has already technically been developed, its development should be on the slightly easier side as far as SpaceX programs go. As such, Dragon XL could be ready for flight months or even years before any lunar space station is in place with astronauts to take advantage of it. That possibility raises the question: does NASA plan on SpaceX performing a Dragon XL flight test before its lunar cargo debut?
In the unsurprising event that NASA has arranged for a demonstration mission prior to Dragon XL’s first mission-critical lunar resupply launch, a cargo trip to Earth’s International Space Station (ISS) could be a valuable segue. Effectively an expendable, high-volume amalgamation of SpaceX’s Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon 2 spacecraft, Dragon XL will lose the ability to return payload to the Earth’s surface (downmass) in return for a dramatic increase in payload upmass.
According to NASA, Dragon XL is designed to deliver up to 7.6 tons (~16,800 lb) of cargo – 5 tons pressurized, 2.6 tons unpressurized – to the lunar Gateway and weigh no more than 14 metric tons upon arrival. Compared to Cargo Dragon 1 and 2, XL thus offers a 25-50% improvement. As an expendable spacecraft, Dragon XL is likely going to be much simpler and lighter than SpaceX’s recoverable and reusable Dragon capsules, it’s also reasonable to assume that the new spacecraft could be substantially cheaper, too. Finally, thanks to that 14 ton Gateway mass target, it’s conceivable that a recoverable Falcon 9 booster could launch a fully-loaded Dragon XL to the ISS without issue, making the cost of launch more or less identical to any other Dragon mission.
On the other hand, though, Dragon XL’s mission is substantially different – and in some ways more challenging – than the Dragons it’s built off of. Notably, the deep space environment can be substantially more challenging from both a thermal management and radiation perspective, while propulsive maneuvers, operations, and autonomous docking so far from Earth would be a first for SpaceX. A demonstration mission to the International Space Station (ISS) would fail to put Dragon XL through any of those unproven scenarios.
Excluding a demo mission to the ISS, a Falcon 9-launched Dragon XL could potentially serve as an extra-cheap option for NASA to deliver large volumes of supplies, hardware, and experiments to the space station, complimenting Cargo Dragon’s reusability and downmass capabilities. Of course, no current contract exists that would allow SpaceX to fly Dragon XL outside of two resupply missions to the lunar Gateway, but NASA is by no means averse to the idea according to Mark Wiese, manager of Gateway Deep Space Logistics.
Ultimately, the likelihood of Dragon XL being coopted for ISS cargo delivery is low but there is clearly a chance that NASA will exploit its substantial investment in the new SpaceX spacecraft for more than just two Gateway supply runs.
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Starlink passes 9 million active customers just weeks after hitting 8 million
The milestone highlights the accelerating growth of Starlink, which has now been adding over 20,000 new users per day.
SpaceX’s Starlink satellite internet service has continued its rapid global expansion, surpassing 9 million active customers just weeks after crossing the 8 million mark.
The milestone highlights the accelerating growth of Starlink, which has now been adding over 20,000 new users per day.
9 million customers
In a post on X, SpaceX stated that Starlink now serves over 9 million active users across 155 countries, territories, and markets. The company reached 8 million customers in early November, meaning it added roughly 1 million subscribers in under seven weeks, or about 21,275 new users on average per day.
“Starlink is connecting more than 9M active customers with high-speed internet across 155 countries, territories, and many other markets,” Starlink wrote in a post on its official X account. SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell also celebrated the milestone on X. “A huge thank you to all of our customers and congrats to the Starlink team for such an incredible product,” she wrote.
That growth rate reflects both rising demand for broadband in underserved regions and Starlink’s expanding satellite constellation, which now includes more than 9,000 low-Earth-orbit satellites designed to deliver high-speed, low-latency internet worldwide.
Starlink’s momentum
Starlink’s momentum has been building up. SpaceX reported 4.6 million Starlink customers in December 2024, followed by 7 million by August 2025, and 8 million customers in November. Independent data also suggests Starlink usage is rising sharply, with Cloudflare reporting that global web traffic from Starlink users more than doubled in 2025, as noted in an Insider report.
Starlink’s momentum is increasingly tied to SpaceX’s broader financial outlook. Elon Musk has said the satellite network is “by far” the company’s largest revenue driver, and reports suggest SpaceX may be positioning itself for an initial public offering as soon as next year, with valuations estimated as high as $1.5 trillion. Musk has also suggested in the past that Starlink could have its own IPO in the future.
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NVIDIA Director of Robotics: Tesla FSD v14 is the first AI to pass the “Physical Turing Test”
After testing FSD v14, Fan stated that his experience with FSD felt magical at first, but it soon started to feel like a routine.
NVIDIA Director of Robotics Jim Fan has praised Tesla’s Full Self-Driving (Supervised) v14 as the first AI to pass what he described as a “Physical Turing Test.”
After testing FSD v14, Fan stated that his experience with FSD felt magical at first, but it soon started to feel like a routine. And just like smartphones today, removing it now would “actively hurt.”
Jim Fan’s hands-on FSD v14 impressions
Fan, a leading researcher in embodied AI who is currently solving Physical AI at NVIDIA and spearheading the company’s Project GR00T initiative, noted that he actually was late to the Tesla game. He was, however, one of the first to try out FSD v14.
“I was very late to own a Tesla but among the earliest to try out FSD v14. It’s perhaps the first time I experience an AI that passes the Physical Turing Test: after a long day at work, you press a button, lay back, and couldn’t tell if a neural net or a human drove you home,” Fan wrote in a post on X.
Fan added: “Despite knowing exactly how robot learning works, I still find it magical watching the steering wheel turn by itself. First it feels surreal, next it becomes routine. Then, like the smartphone, taking it away actively hurts. This is how humanity gets rewired and glued to god-like technologies.”
The Physical Turing Test
The original Turing Test was conceived by Alan Turing in 1950, and it was aimed at determining if a machine could exhibit behavior that is equivalent to or indistinguishable from a human. By focusing on text-based conversations, the original Turing Test set a high bar for natural language processing and machine learning.
This test has been passed by today’s large language models. However, the capability to converse in a humanlike manner is a completely different challenge from performing real-world problem-solving or physical interactions. Thus, Fan introduced the Physical Turing Test, which challenges AI systems to demonstrate intelligence through physical actions.
Based on Fan’s comments, Tesla has demonstrated these intelligent physical actions with FSD v14. Elon Musk agreed with the NVIDIA executive, stating in a post on X that with FSD v14, “you can sense the sentience maturing.” Musk also praised Tesla AI, calling it the best “real-world AI” today.
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Tesla AI team burns the Christmas midnight oil by releasing FSD v14.2.2.1
The update was released just a day after FSD v14.2.2 started rolling out to customers.
Tesla is burning the midnight oil this Christmas, with the Tesla AI team quietly rolling out Full Self-Driving (Supervised) v14.2.2.1 just a day after FSD v14.2.2 started rolling out to customers.
Tesla owner shares insights on FSD v14.2.2.1
Longtime Tesla owner and FSD tester @BLKMDL3 shared some insights following several drives with FSD v14.2.2.1 in rainy Los Angeles conditions with standing water and faded lane lines. He reported zero steering hesitation or stutter, confident lane changes, and maneuvers executed with precision that evoked the performance of Tesla’s driverless Robotaxis in Austin.
Parking performance impressed, with most spots nailed perfectly, including tight, sharp turns, in single attempts without shaky steering. One minor offset happened only due to another vehicle that was parked over the line, which FSD accommodated by a few extra inches. In rain that typically erases road markings, FSD visualized lanes and turn lines better than humans, positioning itself flawlessly when entering new streets as well.
“Took it up a dark, wet, and twisty canyon road up and down the hill tonight and it went very well as to be expected. Stayed centered in the lane, kept speed well and gives a confidence inspiring steering feel where it handles these curvy roads better than the majority of human drivers,” the Tesla owner wrote in a post on X.
Tesla’s FSD v14.2.2 update
Just a day before FSD v14.2.2.1’s release, Tesla rolled out FSD v14.2.2, which was focused on smoother real-world performance, better obstacle awareness, and precise end-of-trip routing. According to the update’s release notes, FSD v14.2.2 upgrades the vision encoder neural network with higher resolution features, enhancing detection of emergency vehicles, road obstacles, and human gestures.
New Arrival Options also allowed users to select preferred drop-off styles, such as Parking Lot, Street, Driveway, Parking Garage, or Curbside, with the navigation pin automatically adjusting to the ideal spot. Other refinements include pulling over for emergency vehicles, real-time vision-based detours for blocked roads, improved gate and debris handling, and Speed Profiles for customized driving styles.
Starlink passes 9 million active customers just weeks after hitting 8 million
NVIDIA Director of Robotics: Tesla FSD v14 is the first AI to pass the “Physical Turing Test”
