Space

Scientists have found a way to make oxygen out of Moon Dust

Future astronauts could one day live on the moon or Mars in habitats like these. Credit: ESA

Published

5 years ago

January 21, 2020

Amy Thompson

Scientists from the European Space Agency have found a way to make oxygen out of moon dust in hopes to one day help astronauts use resources on the moon to make breathable air and even rocket fuel.

The Moon has a massive supply of oxygen — a valuable resource needed for future human missions. However, that supply is not in the atmosphere, but instead, contained within the dust on the lunar surface.

Stationed at the Materials and Electrical Components Laboratory of the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), which is based in the Netherlands, scientists are looking for ways to facilitate living off-planet.

Last year, a group of European scientists proposed an idea on how to extract oxides from lunar regolith — a term used to describe the mixture of loose dust and dirt that covers solid rock. Now, they’ve taken that research one step further and built a prototype extractor to show how the technology would work.

On the right is a view of lunar regolith. And on the left is what it looks like once the oxygen is removed. Credit: ESA

If it works, it has huge implications for the future of deep space travel. Having a capability like this would provide people access to crucial resources that could facilitate the establishment of long-term bases on the moon and Mars.

“Having our own facility allows us to focus on oxygen production, measuring it with a mass spectrometer as it is extracted from the regolith simulant,” Beth Lomax, a chemist from the University of Glasgow in Scotland said in a news statement.

“Being able to acquire oxygen from resources found on the Moon would obviously be hugely useful for future lunar settlers, both for breathing and in the local production of rocket fuel.”

The team, led by Beth Lomax, are extracting oxygen from moon dust — a technique that could be used on the lunar surface. Credit: ESA

Thanks to samples brought back from the Moon’s surface, we know that the lunar regolith is teeming with oxygen (roughly 40–45% percent by weight). Unfortunately, that supply is not easily accessible.

Previous attempts to extract the oxygen from the regolith haven’t been that successful. But Lomax and her team, think they have what it takes. And it requires a bit of chemistry.

Using a technique called molten salt electrolysis, the regolith is first placed in a metal basket with molten Calcium chloride (an electrolyte) is added to it. The mixture is then heated to around 950 degrees Celsius. (It may sound hot but it’s still below the melting point of the regolith.)

Next, an electrical current is applied. This extracts the oxygen, so it can be easily removed.

A diagram detailing the extraction process. Credit: Lomax et al., Planetary and Space Science, 2019

The method was first developed by a UK company called Metalysis for commercial metal production. Lomax worked at the company while earning her PhD and recreated the process at ESTEC.

Her team says this method can extract up to 96 percent of the oxygen from the regolith; as an added bonus, the left over material is a mix of metal alloys.

The remnants can then be used for other projects, perhaps even as building materials fed into a 3D printer.

With ESA and NASA both planning on returning to the moon in the coming years, the team’s ultimate goal is to build a version that could operate on the moon. That could happen sometime in the mid-2020s.

“We are working towards a sustained human presence on the Moon, and maybe one day, Mars,” explained Tommaso Ghidini, Head of the Structures, Mechanisms and Materials Division at the ESA.

This research could help make that goal possible.

News

SpaceX Ax-4 Mission prepares for ISS with new launch date

SpaceX, Axiom Space, and NASA set new launch date for the Ax-4 mission after addressing ISS & rocket concerns.

Published

2 weeks ago

June 17, 2025

Maria Merano

(Credit: SpaceX)

SpaceX is preparing for a new launch date for the Ax-4 mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

SpaceX, Axiom Space, and NASA addressed recent technical challenges and announced a new launch date of no earlier than Thursday, June 19, for the Ax-4 mission. The delay from June 12 allowed teams to assess repairs to small leaks in the ISS’s Zvezda service module.

NASA and Roscosmos have been monitoring leaks in the Zvezda module’s aft (back) segment for years. However, stable pressure could also result from air flowing across the hatch seal from the central station. As NASA and its partners adapt launch schedules to ensure station safety, adjustments are routine.

“Following the most recent repair, pressure in the transfer tunnel has been stable,” a source noted, suggesting the leaks may be sealed.

“By changing pressure in the transfer tunnel and monitoring over time, teams are evaluating the condition of the transfer tunnel and the hatch seal between the space station and the back of Zvezda,” the source added.

https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-axiom-space-diabetes-research-iss/

SpaceX has also resolved a liquid oxygen leak found during post-static fire inspections of the Falcon 9 rocket, completing a wet dress rehearsal to confirm readiness. The Ax-4 mission is Axiom Space’s fourth private astronaut trip to the ISS. It will launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on a Falcon 9 rocket with a new Crew Dragon capsule.

“This is the first flight for this Dragon capsule, and it’s carrying an international crew—a perfect debut. We’ve upgraded storage, propulsion components, and the seat lash design for improved reliability and reuse,” said William Gerstenmaier, SpaceX’s vice president of build and flight reliability.

The Ax-4 mission crew is led by Peggy Whitson, Axiom Space’s director of human spaceflight and former NASA astronaut. The Ax-4 crew includes ISRO astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla as pilot, alongside mission specialists Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski from Poland and Tibor Kapu from Hungary. The international team underscores Axiom’s commitment to global collaboration.

The Ax-4 mission will advance scientific research during its ISS stay, supporting Axiom’s goal of building a commercial space station. As teams finalize preparations, the mission’s updated launch date and technical resolutions position it to strengthen private space exploration’s role in advancing space-based innovation.

News

Starlink India launch gains traction with telecom license approval

Starlink just secured its telecom license in India! High-speed satellite internet could go live in 2 months.

Published

3 weeks ago

June 11, 2025

Maria Merano

(Credit: Starlink)

Starlink India’s launch cleared a key regulatory hurdle after securing a long-awaited license from the country’s telecom ministry. Starlink’s license approval in India paves the way for commercial operations to begin, marking a significant milestone after a three-year wait.

The Department of Telecommunications granted Starlink a Global Mobile Personal Communication by Satellite (GMPCS) license, enabling it to roll out its high-speed internet service. Local reports hinted that Starlink plans to launch its services within the next two months. Starlink India’s services are expected to be priced at ₹3,000 per month for unlimited data. Starlink service would require a ₹33,000 hardware kit, including a dish and router.

“Starlink is finally ready to enter the Indian market,” sources familiar with the rollout plans confirmed, noting a one-month free trial for new users.

https://www.teslarati.com/starlink-india-launch-spectrum-rules/

Starlink’s low-Earth orbit satellite network promises low-latency, high-speed internet that is ideal for rural India, border areas, and hilly terrains. With over 7,000 satellites in orbit and millions of global users, Starlink aims to bridge India’s digital divide, especially in areas with limited traditional broadband.

Starlink has forged distribution partnerships with Indian telecom giants Reliance Jio and Bharti Airtel to streamline deployment and retail logistics. However, the company still awaits spectrum allocation and final clearances from India’s space regulator, IN-SPACe, and national security agencies before its full launch, expected before August 2025.

India’s satellite internet market is becoming increasingly competitive, with Starlink joining rivals like OneWeb and Jio Satellite Communications. While Starlink positions itself as a premium offering, its entry has sparked debate among domestic telecom operators over spectrum pricing.

Local reports noted that other players in the industry have raised concerns over the lower regulatory fees proposed for satellite firms compared to terrestrial operators, highlighting tensions in the sector.

Starlink India’s launch represents a transformative step toward expanding internet access in one of the world’s largest markets. Starlink could redefine connectivity for millions in underserved regions by leveraging its advanced satellite technology and strategic partnerships. As the company navigates remaining regulatory steps, its timely rollout could set a new standard for satellite internet in India, intensifying competition and driving innovation in the telecom landscape.

Elon Musk

SpaceX to decommission Dragon spacecraft in response to Pres. Trump war of words with Elon Musk

Elon Musk says SpaceX will decommission Dragon as a result of President Trump’s threat to end his subsidies and government contracts.

Published

4 weeks ago

June 5, 2025

Joey Klender

SpaceX will decommission its Dragon spacecraft in response to the intense war of words that President Trump and CEO Elon Musk have entered on various social media platforms today.

President Trump and Musk, who was once considered a right-hand man to Trump, have entered a vicious war of words on Thursday. The issues stem from Musk’s disagreement with the “Big Beautiful Bill,” which will increase the U.S. federal deficit, the Tesla and SpaceX frontman says.

How Tesla could benefit from the ‘Big Beautiful Bill’ that axes EV subsidies

The insults and threats have been brutal, as Trump has said he doesn’t know if he’ll respect Musk again, and Musk has even stated that the President would not have won the election in November if it were not for him.

President Trump then said later in the day that:

“The easiest way to save money in our Budget, Billions and Billions of Dollars, is to terminate Elon’s Government Subsidies and Contracts. I was always surprised that Biden didn’t do it!”

Musk’s response was simple: he will decommission the SpaceX capsule responsible for transporting crew and cargo to the International Space Station (ISS): Dragon.

🚨 Elon says Dragon will be decommissioned immediately due to President Trump’s threats to terminate SpaceX’s government contracts https://t.co/XNB0LflZIy

— TESLARATI (@Teslarati) June 5, 2025

Dragon has completed 51 missions, 46 of which have been to the ISS. It is capable of carrying up to 7 passengers to and from Earth’s orbit. It is the only spacecraft that is capable of returning vast amounts of cargo to Earth. It is also the first private spacecraft to take humans to the ISS.

The most notable mission Dragon completed is one of its most recent, as SpaceX brought NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams back to Earth after being stranded at the ISS by a Boeing Starliner capsule.

SpaceX’s reluctance to participate in federally funded projects may put the government in a strange position. It will look to bring Boeing back in to take a majority of these projects, but there might be some reluctance based on the Starliner mishap with Wilmore and Williams.